Growth and Development Introduction to Psychology

The main developmental milestones are physical, social, intellectual and emotional. The anal stage coincides with potty training or learning to manage biological urges. Anal fixation may result in a person who is compulsively clean and organized or one who is sloppy and lacks self-control. Anthropometry is the gold standard by which clinicians can assess nutritional status. The major anthropometric measurements for ages up to 2 years are weight, length, weight for length, and head circumference. The major measurements for children above 2 years are weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and head circumference for the 2-3 years age group.

Review Questions

The researcher is the student and the people in the setting are the teachers as they inform the researcher of their world (Glazer & Strauss, 1967, as cited in Paris, Ricardo, Raymond, & Johnson, 2021). Researchers are to be aware of their own biases and assumptions, acknowledge them, and bracket them in efforts to keep them from limiting accuracy in reporting. Sometimes qualitative studies are used initially to explore a topic and more quantitative studies are used to test or explain what was first described. Take a moment to write down two things that you know about childhood.

Robson (1978) estimated that genetic factors account for about 34 per cent of the variance is due to fetal genotype. Thus, the higher than expected concordance in the birth weight of DZ twins is likely to be due to the shared maternal environment, which sets some common limits to the growth of both twins. Similar long-term differences in growth between MZ twins of markedly different birth weight have also been reported by Falkner (1978). Towards the end of this module, each one of you would have learnt the concept of growth and development, its domains, the periods of life span, and the principle guiding the same. By learning these principles, it could be easily realized thet the development is a systematic, orderly, progressive, multi-dimensional, multi-dimensional, plastic and contextual.

Physical and Biological : Anthropology

It is very important to prevent sore and cracked nipples because this will help prevent mastitis and breast abscess. Sore and cracked nipples can be prevented by proper positioning of the baby’s mouth on the areola of the breast. The mother needs to be taught the proper attachment of the baby to the breast..You should advise a mother to continue breastfeeding on the breast that does not have a problem. Sore nipples result from the baby sucking the nipple instead of sucking the areola, the darker part of the breast. If a mother continues breastfeeding through a sore nipple, it causes a crack in the nipple.

This text has an emphasis on object and sound development and best practices to support development. Development refers to the orders of sequence that humans follow and mainly focuses on the attainment of skills and abilities. One of the most widespread applications of classical conditioning principles was brought to us by the psychologist, John B. Watson.

Personal tools

Ontogenetic functions – They are skills that are specific to individual. Maturation is defined as the ability to unfold skills that are potentially present in the individual and that come from the individual’s genetic endowment. Maturation is seen in both phylogenetic and ontogenetic functions. It is this principle that explains the fact that every child’s uncoordinated and random movements or responses get replaced by well coordinated and specific movement or response. While ababy does not need to have all of these traits, most gifted children willdisplay more than one. Thereis a normal range in which a child may reach each milestone.

When they reach the age of 11 or 12 they are encouraged to kill big game which is celebrated. They are encouraged to share the game with elders and/or other community members. Girls were traditionally taught skills such as cooking, tanning hides, putting up the teepee (or other forms of habitats), rearing children, fetching wood and water, as well as other chores.

I hope in your answer you mentioned that a pregnant woman needs good quality antenatal, perinatal and postnatal care, not only for her own well being, but also for that of her unborn child. We shall discuss the importance of antenatal care, perinatal care and post natal care separately, starting with antenatal care. AuthorityA child needs his parents’ authority mixed with affection. The parents train the child to learn to obey the rules of the home, the neighbourhood, the school and the society.

Bookshelf

Sometimes we do things because we’ve seen it pay off for someone else. They were operantly conditioned, but we engage in the behaviour because we hope introduction of growth and development it will pay off for us as well. This is referred to as vicarious reinforcement (Bandura, Ross and Ross, 1963, as cited in Paris, Ricardo, Raymond, & Johnson, 2021).

BehavioUrism

• Remember the health of a child starts from the mother’s womb.
• Think of theories as frameworks or guidelines much like directions that come with an appliance or other object that requires assembly.
• A new tooth appears approximately every month so that by 2 – 2½ years of age the baby will have 20 primary teeth.
• As a follow-up to further integrate the learner’s understanding, there are helpful examples and supplemental content (additional readings and videos provided).
• Likewise, Chomsky (1965)proposed language is gained through the use of an innate language acquisitiondevice.

Examples of an extreme nature positions inpsychology include Bowlby’s(1969) theory of attachment, which views the bond between mother and child asbeing an innate process that ensures survival. Likewise, Chomsky (1965)proposed language is gained through the use of an innate language acquisitiondevice. Another example of nature is Freud’s theory of aggression as being aninnate drive (called thanatos). Those who adopt an extreme hereditaryposition are known as nativists.

Early intervention is useful in high-risk children to improve their cognitive and academic performance. Less than 50 % of clinicians only use standardized screening tools in practice. Time constraints and lack of training are essential barriers to using the developmental screening tool. Standard screening tools include the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), the Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status, and the Child Development Inventory. Gross and fine motor milestones are assessed at every well-child visit in the first 4 years. Standardized developmental assessments using ASQ are mandatory at 9, 18, 24, or 30 months.18 The clinician may screen more frequently if there are risk factors like prematurity, lead exposure, or low birth weight.

Rona and Chinn (1986) in England and Malina et al.,(1981) in Oaxaca, Mexico showed that children from the lowest socio economic status segments of the city were smaller than national averages of rural children. Richards and kavanagh (1945) writes “Growth is a fundamental attribute of living organism, manifested by a change in size of the individual or in the number of organism in a unit of environment”. Comas (1960) says that “growth is the increase in size of the various parts and organs of the body and this increase is limited to pre-established constitutional hereditary factors and influenced by exogenous factors”. Tanner (1978) has observed growth as “a product of the continuous and complex interaction of heredity and environment or between the genotype and the changing environment, an interaction which is sometimes more complex than simple”. Watson and Lowrey (1962) have described that both growth and development in a normal child parallels each other and any separation would be an artificial one.

We make conscious choices in life and these choices focus on meeting certain social and cultural needs rather than purely biological ones. Humans are motivated, for instance, by the need to feel that the world is a trustworthy place, that we are capable individuals, that we can make a contribution to society, and that we have lived a meaningful life. Psychologists Betty Hart and Todd Risley (2006) spent their careers looking at early language ability and progression of children in various income levels.

• Another class of growth promoting substances are called the somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs).
• The anatomical differences also started to depict in their work with children of normal proportions and growth pathologies.
• Anaemia is a very serious problem in a pregnant mother and severe anaemia puts the mother at high risk.
• Indigenous communities view child development as a journey that is closely bound by the natural and spiritual world and therefore the developing child is shaped by unique ways of knowing and teachings.
• Our environment creates us and we create our environment (Lumen Learning, n.d.).

The analysis takes much longer when respondents give lengthy responses that must be analyzed in a different way. Surveys are useful in examining stated values, attitudes, opinions, and reporting on practices. However, they are based on self-report or what people say they do rather than on observation and this can limit accuracy. Three conditions must be met in order to establish cause and effect. In other words, when one is altered, the other changes in response. Experiments involve measuring subjects on the dependent variable before exposing them to the independent variable (establishing a baseline).